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Rescuers and the Righteous

As If It Were Yesterday
This film documents interviews of Belgian people who risked their lives to hide, place or help 4,000 Jewish children escape during Nazi occupation. Belgian teachers, priests, nurses and others relate the procedures they used to protect the children. In French and Flemish with English subtitles. (JHS/MS+). B/W. (85 min)

Assignment: Rescue
The story of Varian Fry, an American journalist and editor of LIVING AGE magazine who saved over 200 refugees, trapped in Vichy France, from the Gestapo. Fry and the Emergency Rescue committee persist for 13 months until he is expelled from France. In 1996 Fry was honored at Yad Vashem as the first American "Righteous Among The Nations". He was also awarded the Eisenhower Liberation medal by the US Holocaust Memorial Council in 1991. B/W & Color. (26 min)

The Assisi Underground
Based on a true story, this film depicts the clandestine work done by the Catholic Church during World War II to help several hundred Italian Jews escape Nazi persecution. A Franciscan friar conducts an underground railroad saving Jews. Starring Ben Cross, James Mason, Irene Pappas, and Maximilian Schell. (JHS/MS+). (115 min)

Avenue of the Just
Each tree along the Avenue of the Just at the Yad Vashem memorial in Jerusalem bears the name of a Christian who saved Jewish lives during the Holocaust. Oral histories of ten of these courageous people recall their hopes and fears in time of tragedy, speak of the underground "trafficking in human cargo," describe the elaborate deceptions necessary to elude German soldiers, and profess guilt for surviving when their relatives died. Color and black-and-white. 55 minutes. Anti-Defamation League.

Avenue Of The Just
Each tree along the Avenue of the Just at the Yad Vashem memorial in Jerusalem bears a Christian name, each tree is a living tribute to the Christians who saved Jewish lives during the Holocaust. Interviews with ten of these courageous people - including those who hid Anne Frank's family - recall their hopes and fears in time of tragedy. (JHS/MS+). Color. (55 min)

The Bookseller
A dramatization, based on the book, Rescue in Denmark, of an actual incident of Danish resistance to the Nazi persecution of the Jews during the World War ll occupation of Denmark. This resistance included the evacuation of the Jewish community to a haven of safety in neighboring Sweden. (General audiences). B/W. (30 min)

Charlie Grant's War
Charlie Grant, a Canadian diamond broker in 1930s Vienna, secretly helps more than 600 people escape Europe. This is the story of a hero who risked everything to make a difference. It is a condemnation of the Canadian government which allowed only 5,000 Jewish refugees to enter its country. Some newsreel footage appears in this film. Color. (General audiences). (130 min)

The Courage To Care
This documentary film is an unforgettable encounter with ordinary people who refuse to succumb to Nazi tyranny. The deeds they recall refute allegations that individuals were powerless against the might of the Third Reich. They fed strangers, kept secrets, and provided hiding places. Their acts were exceptional in an era marked by apathy and complicity. (HS+). Color. (28 min)

A Debt To Honor
An unforgettable encounter with ordinary people who refused to succumb to Nazi tyranny. Italian Christians remember how they saved more than 30,000 Jews following Hitler's 1943 occupation of Northern Italy. Nuns, priests, and others tell of foiling deportation of "their older brothers" to Auschwitz by hiding whole families in convents, spiriting children across the Swiss border, or forging papers to bestow non-Jewish identities. Their stories are punctuated with archival newsreels tracing the rise of Mussolini and the enforcement of anti-Semitic laws. The documentary ends with scenes from a 1994 ceremony in Rome honoring rescuers who "did their duty all the way." Grades 7 and up. Color & B/W. (30 min)

Defying Genocide
Produced by the USHMM committee on conscience: Whenever genocide has occurred, individuals have risked their own lives to save others. How can their courage inspire us to defy genocide? The story of how Simone Weil Lipman was able to save thousands of Jewish children during the Holocaust is a starting point for an exploration of what it takes to defy genocide. The film focuses on Damas Gisimba, director of a small orphanage in Rwanda that was beseiged by militias during the 1994 genocide. Learn how Gisimba, with the help of American aid worker Carl Wilkens, managed to protect, care for, and save some 400 people. Additional resources available online at www.ushmm.org/conscience/defying-genocide.

Desperate Hours
The little known story of Turkey and the Holocaust...of what happened there and abroad, of what it did and what it could not do - as the world around it plunged into darkness. At a time when millions were murdered before the eyes of an indifferent world, there were some men, and at times, some governments, who chose to act - not for praise, not for glory, but in the name of simple human decency. In doing so, they dispelled the myths that people were powerless to resist the Nazis. Desperate Hours is an inspiring story of how a Muslim country gave refuge to German Jews and how its diplomats risked their own lives to save Jews from concentration camps. Desperate Hours tells the stories of those precious few who, in the face of utter darkness, never lost their sight. In telling these little known stories from WWII, the film documents this moment in time, when groups of Muslims, Jews and Christians all worked together to save lives. Some of the areas explored in the film are: How Turkish diplomats in France and Rhodes put their own lives at risk rescuing Jews of Turkish origin. How Turkey recruited the talented men and women Hitler discarded to revamp Turkish sciences, architecture, music, medicine, legal education, and art. How the Yishuv -Jews from Pre-State Israel- daringly used Turkey as a base to rescue Jews in locales such as the famous Pera Palace Hotel - terminus of the Orient Express. The tragic sinking of the Struma Refugee Ship with 760 refugees aboard and the odyssey of its lone survivor- David Stoliar. How Monsignor Roncalli (who later became Pope John XXIII), then the Apostolic Delegate in Istanbul, worked with delegates of the Yishuv and whose experiences there later inspired him to change Catholic teaching towards Jews. The infamous "Jews for Sale" deal - the attempt in 1944 to trade one million Jews for 10,000 trucks. Desperate Hours is based on authoritative scholarship by American, Israeli, Turkish, and Italian historians as well as interviews with survivors, former diplomats and clergy in Israel, Italy, Turkey, Austria and the United States. Shenandoah Films produced Desperate Hours in association with The Berenbaum Group and Mainstreet. Desperate Hours is directed and produced by Victoria Barrett. Dr. Michael Berenbaum is the Executive producer, historian and writer. Ronald Goldfarb is the producer for Mainstreet. "Desperate Hours, a new documentary about Turkey's role in the Holocaust, is proof that there are still stories to be told and people to be applauded." - Jerusalem Post

History Undercover: Diplomats for the Damned
When most people think about the plight of Jews who tried to escape the horrors of Hitler's Nazi regime, the story of Anne Frank and her family immediately comes to mind. Most students read The Diary of Anne Frank and know about the fear and foreboding that her family faced, as they relied on the loyalty of friends and acquaintances to hide them from Nazi troops. While the story of Anne Frank's family is best known, they were many other Jewish families who tried to escape, and in some cases they succeeded. Foreign diplomats played an important and little known-role in helping thousands of Jews flee Nazism. Dozens of such diplomats, from more than twenty-five countries, risked their lives and careers by secretly issuing unauthorized visas, falsifying papers, and cutting backroom deals to rescue thousands of Jews from Nazi death camps. This program profiles the stories of four of these diplomats, interviewing their descendents, as well as some of those whose families were shepherded to freedom by these diplomats' heroic acts. Diplomats for the Damned would be appropriate for middle and high school level classes in American, European, and World history. 50 minutes

Into the Arms of Strangers – Stories of the Kindertransport
Just prior to WW II, an extraordinary rescue operation aided the youngest victims of Nazi terror. Thousands of Jewish and other children were transported from German held lands to foster homes and hostels in Britain. This Oscar winning documentary is filled with rare archival footage and gripping remembrances by the child survivors, rescuers, and parents of the heroic Kindertransport. (6th grade+). (117 min) Study guide can be downloaded.

Irena Sendler: In the Name of Their Mothers
This is the story of 29-year-old Irena Sendler who saw the suffering of Warsaw's Jews, and reached out to her most trusted colleagues for help, and outwitted the Nazis during World War II. Together, they rescued over 2,500 Jewish children. This film expertly captures the will and character of the women of the resistance against the backdrop of occupied Poland.

It Was Nothing… It Was Everything
The video features the story of how some of the friends of the 650,000 Jews in Greece at the time of the Nazi occupation courageously tried to help their neighbors. In the end, ninety percent of the Greek Jewish community perished. Offers through interviews and archival footage reflections on some of the events associated with the rescue of 10% of Greek Jewish population. (JHS/MS+). Color. (29 min)

Le Chambon
Under the leadership of Pastor Andre Trocme, this French village stood up to the Nazi laws and risking extermination by the Nazis to provide safety and refuge for 5,000 Jewish children. (General audience.). Color. (118 min)

Miracle At Moreaux
Set at Christmas in 1943, this suspenseful and uplifting tale of three Jewish children fleeing from Nazis who find refuge in a Catholic school reaffirms the heroism of those adults and children who resisted the Nazi movement. Based on a true story, Twenty and Ten, by Claire Huchet Bishop. Stars Loretta Switt and Marsha Moreau. Middle Grades. (Grades 5-8). Color. (58 min.)

My Knees Were Jumping
A documentary account of the Kindertransport by which a few thousand Jewish children were evacuated to Great Britain from Germany and Austria. A group of Jews and Quakers help save the lives of many children between December 1938 and August 1939. Most children never saw their parents again. This is the true story of children uprooted from their homes into the Holocaust. Narrated by Joanne Woodward. (General Audience). B/W & color. (72 min)

Nicholas Winton: The Power of Good
In the fall of 1938, Nicholas Winton took a pleasure trip to Prague, Czechoslovakia. He saw that Czech children in the Sudetenland were stateless. He understood that these refugee children would soon be doomed by Hitler. Although Winton was only 28 years old, he knew he had to take action. He devised a rescue operation to save these children. This inspiring and gripping documentary tells how an ordinary man took extraordinary action saving the lives of 669 children. Between March 13 and August 2, 1939, Winton organized eight transports to take children from Prague to Great Britain, and kept quiet about it until his wife discovered a scrapbook documenting his unique mission in 1988. This DVD of the film includes 70 minutes of extra interview footage and additional short films detailing further information on the rescue operation, the private life of Sir Winton, his opinions, and the lives of some of the children he saved. It is also presented with a teacher's guide that includes additional archival material and thought-provoking questions for class discussion. Winner of the International Emmy Award 2002 Color/64 Minutes (DVD only)

The Only Way
Focusing on one assimilated Jewish family, this film dramatizes how Danes from various backgrounds came together to help Jews escape imminent deportation. Out of a Jewish population totalling 8000, the Danes managed to save all but 1000. The film implies that other countries might have had more success in rescuing Jews if their citizens had made similar commitments. This is the true and magnificent saga of Denmark valorous actions to save Danish Jews from Nazi destruction at peril of death. Staring Jane Seymour. (JHS/MS+). Color. (86 min.)

The Other Side Of Faith
Although it portrays none of the familiar horror scenes of the Holocaust, this story cannot be easily forgotten. Its strength and validity are derived not only from the understated truths of its two narrators, Stefania and Josef, but also from the basic message it imparts: that the other - and truest - side of faith may be found in a morality that transcends religious and ethnic boundaries to recognize our common humanity. (Adult). Color. (27 min.)

Pigeon
Set in Remies, France in 1941 and based on a true story, Pigeon recounts a rare and startling act of resistance in which a woman chooses not to be a bystander to a fellow male, Jewish, passenger who is without proper identification. This 11-minute film by filmmaker Anthony Green was an official selection of the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival and grand-prize winner at the 2005 New York Jewish Student Film Festival. A unique creative entry point for students to explore themes of identity, resistance, social justice and Jewish values and learn to critically analyze film. The film is accompanied by a resource guide that provides background information, texts, lesson plans and activity ideas, and additional resources for teachers. The guide is a flexible tool, allowing teachers to choose which areas of the film they wish to expand on in their classes and then adapt the material and outside links to best meet the needs of their students. Audience: Middle School, High School, College, and Adult DVD. 11 minutes.

Raoul Wallenberg, Buried Alive
Reconstructs the story of this young Swedish diplomat who saved the lives of at least 100,000 Jews before disappearing into Soviet prisons. Includes archival material showing the rise of the Arrow Cross Nazis in Hungary, footage of ghetto pogroms and death marches. Includes interviews with survivors who were saved by Wallenberg and with those who have reported seeing him alive after the war. (JHS?MS+). (78 min.)

Raoul Wallenberg: Between The Lines
Few stories are as compelling or as heartbreaking as that of Raoul Wallenberg, the Swedish Christian diplomat whose volunteer mission to Hungary saved some 100,000 Jews from certain Nazi extermination. The film examines the political background against which Wallenberg worked, including the failures and unwillingness of the United States to rescue Jews from German-occupied Europe. The film uses archival material to paint an intimate and accurate portrait of this extraordinary humanitarian. It also traces the events that led to his disappearance at the wars end. (HS+). Color & B/W. (90 min.)

Rescue In October
A recounting of the Danish rescue of the Jews as remembered by participants in this unique event. (15 min.)

Rescue In Scandinavia
Rescue In Scandinavia is a tribute to the many citizens of Norway and Denmark who worked to save the lives of as many of their Jewish countrymen as they could during the Holocaust period, in spite of Nazi death threats, by guiding them to safety in Sweden. It also recounts the role of the Swedish government and citizens in providing sanctuary for these Jewish refugees. It details the assignment of Raoul Wallenberg who with the assistance of Per Anger, now retired Swedish Ambassador, is credited with saving the lives of 100,000 Hungarian Jews. It combines interviews with rescuers and rescued in Norway and Denmark with interviews of public figures in Sweden and Finland. Together with war time archival footage, original music and narration by Ms. Liv Ullmann, the program represents a bright light from Scandinavia in the otherwise dark night of the Holocaust. (HS). Color & B/W. (55 min.)

Reunion - 2004
From the Jewish Foundation for the Righteous, this is the riveting story of Andre Nowacki, a child from the Warsaw Ghetto who was rescued by a Polish family. This brief film highlights life in the Warsaw ghetto and focuses on his 1994 Thanksgiviing reuinion with Hanna Kwiecinska Morawiecka, the daughter of the woman who rescued Andre. VHS. 12 minutes. Highly recommended.

Safe Haven: The Warsaw Zoo
In the opening days of World War II, the Nazis occupy Warsaw. In a display of extraordinary courage and commitment, Zookeeper Jan Zabinski decides to hide the city's most endangered residents in his home. Before war's end, the Warsaw Zoo will become a safe haven for 300 Jewish men, women, and children. DVD. 29 minutes

Schindler's List
Schindler's List, a Steven Spielberg film, is the winner of seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. The film presents the indelible true story of the enigmatic Oskar Schindler, a member of the Nazi Party, womanizer, and war profiteer who saved the lives of more than 1,100 Jews during the Holocaust. It is the triumph of one man who made a difference and the drama of those who survived one of the darkest chapters in human history because of what he did. 2 videocassettes (3 hrs. 17 min

Schindler: His Story As Told By The Actual People He Saved
A documentary about the work of Oskar Schindler and his role in saving the lives of over 1,000 Jews in Crackow during the Nazi occupation. The film features key people who were either saved by Schindleror who had close contact with the main protagonists in the Schindler story such as his widow, Emilie. Rare footage of Schindler himself. (Adult). Color & B/W. (81 min.)

Secret Courage: The Walter Suskind Story
Walter Suskind was a German Jew living in Amsterdam who was forced to serve as the Jewish head of deportation at the Hollandsche Schouwburg (the Jewish Theater in Amsterdam), used as the main deportation site in Holland. Using his fluent German, his skills as an actor and businessman, and unfathomable courage and tenacity, he and an intrepid group of resitance workers orchestrated the escape of close to 1000 Dutch children who were marked for transport to death camps. In this feature-length documentary we learn about an unsung hero of the Holocaust in Holland, the Resistance members who worked with him, and five of the nearly 1,000 children they saved. Their stories are interwoven in a warm and personal style, creating a tale of moral dilemmas and unfathomable courage in the face of human horror and choiceless choices. 82 minutes. DVD only. http://www.morsephotography.com/suskindfilm/home_welcome.htm

Secret Lives: Hidden Children and Their Rescuers During WW II
Before the Second World War, more than 1.5 million Jewish children were living in Europe. By the end of the Holocaust, less than one in ten had survived. SECRET LIVES tells the emotional stories of a small number of those who were saved by non-Jews in extraordinary acts of bravery and kindness. These men and women of uncommon decency did everything from bringing Jewish children into their families to securing hiding places in closets, attics, or hastily dug bunkers. Directed by Academy Award winner and former hidden child Aviva Slesin, this captivating documentary reveals what happened between the children and their rescuers and shows ho this experience forever changed their lives. Highly recommended by the Coordinator of Educational Outreach. High School and up. DVD only. Color and B/W. 72 minutes.

Sugihara: Conspiracy of Kindness
In the fall of 1939, Hitler's murderous wave was sweeping through Eastern Europe. In the face of the Nazi onslaught, Japanese diplomat Chiune Sugihara set about saving thousands of lives. But his struggle was not fought on the battlefields or in war rooms. He used his power as a diplomat to rescue fleeing Jewish refugees. As Japan's consul to Lithuania, Sugihara risked career, disgrace, his life, and the lives of his family defying Tokyo by writing transit visas for refugees desperate to escape persecution. In August 1940, Sugihara spent upwards of sixteen hours a day issuing visas, until Soviet-occupied Lithuania forced the final shutdown of the country's last remaining consulates. In the end, more than 2,000 Sugihara-stamped passports allowed hundreds of families to flee Europe through Russia to safe havens abroad. Today it is estimated that more than 40,000 people owe their very existence to Sugihara's heroic acts of humanitarianism. Through unprecedented access to Sugihara's family and their personal home movies, photos, and papers, as well as on-location interviews with Sugihara survivors and their descendants, viewers will have a chance to rediscover the seminal events of World War II through a new lens - and in the process, come to appreciate the life and legacy of one man who did make a difference. Sugihara is the definitive telling of this moving story and a monument to a true hero - a man who, with no possible hope of reward and every likelihood of suffering, had the courage to act on his innermost beliefs, to save the lives of thousands. His extraordinary acts of kindness continue to reverberate the world over. Sugihara: Conspiracy of Kindness is a film by diane estelle Vicari and Robert Kirk. Presented by Dentsu Inc., in association with David Rubinson and Creative Production Group LLC. Funding provided by the Freeman Foundation, the US Japan Foundation, the Righteous Persons Foundation, Janet and Mitchell Feldman, Rita and Larry Horn, the Fishoff Family Foundation, Dentsu Inc., and Creative Production Group LLC. Additional funding provided by public television viewers. Copyright © 2005 WGBH Educational Foundation 82 minutes. DVD only.

Telling Their Stories: NH Holocaust Survivors Speak Out
As seen on NH Public Television, this film by NH filmmaker David DeArville highlights the lives of four Holocaust survivors who came to live in New Hampshire: Stephan Lewy (Germany), Joseph Regensburger (Germany), Ruth Segal (Poland) and Anna Berkovits Klein (Hungary). Stephan would escape in 1940 and would serve in Patton's Army as a "Ritchie Boy." Joe served in the French underground and eventually escaped to Switzerland - where he and his family were interned. Ruth would escape with the help of "Righteous Among the Nations" Japanese consul Chiune Sugihara although much of her family that was left behind died in Teblinka. Anna will survive the Nazi camp system including Stresshof and Bergen-Belsen. The film was produced by Robert Spiegelman and Fred Wolff in association with the Cohen Center for Holocaust Studies. VHS or DVD. (65 minutes) *This film is free for NH teachers and libraries and may also be purchased by contacting Tom White, twhite@keene.edu, 603-358-2746.

The Hidden Child
Of the 1.6 million Jewish children who lived in Europe before WWII, only 100,000 survived the Holocaust. Most were hidden children, shuttered away in attics, cellars, convents or farms. This is the story of six-year-old girl (Maud Dahme) and her sister, separated from their parents, dodging bullets, lying for survival, and relying on the compassion of stragers. It is a story of courage, hope and bravery in the face of evil and death. It chronicles the wartime experiences of Dahme, one of an estimated 5,000 Jewish children hidden from the Nazis by righteous gentiles in the Netherlands. Dahme is the former president of the New Jersey Board of Education. This film explores issues such as intolerance, mutual respect, and understanding.

They Risked Their Lives: Rescuers of The Holocaust
Righteous Gentiles, who have been honored at Yad Vashem for saving Jewish lives during the Holocaust, tell their stories. (JHS/MS+). Color & B/W. (24 min)

The Triumph Of Memory
Non-Jewish resistance fighters were sent to Nazi concentration camps during World War II. In this video, they bear witness to the Jewish Holocaust and provide a moving reminder about the actions of the Nazis in Mauthausen, Buchenwald and Auschwitz-Birkenau. Viewers meet Frenchman Pierre Troadec who was sent to Mauthausen after being captured by the Gestapo for rescuing American flyers in France; Reidar Dittman, who was arrested and sent to Buchenwald for sabotaging the construction of German ships in Norway; Czech resistance fighter Vera Laska, who hid Jews and fought the Nazis until she was sent to Auschwitz and Irina Kharina, a young Red Army soldier captured behind German lines. The video is narrated by Arnost Lustig, a Jewish survivor of Auschwitz and twice winner of the National Jewish Book Award. (HS+). Color & B/W. (30 min.)

Varian Fry, The Artists' Schindler
Varian Fry ran a high-risk, illegal program of escapes, channeling vulnerable artists, writers, scientists, political activists and academics out of France to the relative safety of Portugal, North Africa and the U.S. He went into Jewish occupied land. He laundered U.S money to fund his activities and give safe passage to some of the most famous cultural figures of our age. (General Audience). Color. (50 min)

Varian's War
Starring Academy Award winner William Hurt as Varian Fry, the American Schindler. An American journalist working in Europe at the outbreak of World War II, Varian Fry was appalled at the Nazi atrocities he witnessed. He became driven to fight against nazi brutality, recognizing that action had to be taken if Jews, artists, intellectuals and European heritage were to survive. VARIAN's WAR is the true story of this forgotten hero, who at great risk to his own life, saved 2,000 people from certain extermination. DVD only. 122 minutes.

The Visas That Saved Lives: One Man's Triumph Over Evil
At 5:15 one summer morning in 1940, Chiune Sugihara, Japan's consul-general in Lithuania, awoke to the sound of a low rumble outside. It was the sound of over 200 persons filling the crowded street outside the consulate. The consul immediately hid his wife and children, fearing the worst. It did not take him long to realize that those outside were Jews hoping to get visas that would take them out of the country to freedom. While American consuls throughout the neutral world were instructed not to grant such visas, Sugihara took it upon himself to issue an estimated 1600 visas. japanese with English sub-titles. It is estimated that he saved 2,000 to 6,000 Jewish lives. (HS). Color. (115 min)

Weapons Of The Spirit (Classroom Version)
Directed, written, and narrated by Pierre Sauvage. A moving remembrance of the courage of the residents of the French village of Le Chambon, ordinary people whose virtually unparalleled efforts saved 5,000 Jewish lives from Nazi persecution. Newsreel footage, interviews with the rescuers and those they saved, and the personal reflections of Pierre Sauvage - who was born in the village while his parents were sheltered by area farmers - depict the horror of life for French Jews, and the "conspiracy of goodness" that occurred in the midst of terror and death. (JHS/MS+). Color. (35 min)

Weapons of the Spirit (Classroom Version)
During World War II in and around one village in Nazi-occupied France 5000 Jews were sheltered by 5000 Christians. Pierre Sauvage, born and protected in Le chambon-sur-Lignon, returns to tell the story. Adapted from the 90-minute feature, this version speaks to the goodness and righteousness in humanity in the face of unimaginable evil. (25 minutes). Middle and High School.

Who Shall Live And Who Shall Die
Directed by Laurence Jarvik. Asking "Could the Jews of Europe have been saved?," this unflinching documentary examines the unwillingness of Americans (including much of the American Jewish establishment) to rescue persecuted European Jews during World War II. The production argues that the American Jewish community bears a heavy burden of guilt for failing to pressure the Roosevelt administration strongly enough to help the Jews of Europe. Note: graphic footage. (HS+). B/W. (90 min.)

Zegota: A Time To Remember
A Story of Polish-Christian courage during the Holocaust. The Zegota Council was the only government-sponsored social welfare agency established to rescue Jews in German occupied Europe. The Council provided hiding places and false identity documents for Jewish men women and children and saved thousands of lives. Filmed in Poland, Israel, and London. (Adult). Color. (52 min.)

Zegota: Council For Aid To Jews In Occupied Poland
Using archival photographs and film footage, together with interviews, this film narrated by Eli Wallach, tells the story of the desperate plight of the Jews in Poland and the conditions of terror under which the Zegota rescuers tried to help. More then 40% of the Righteous Gentiles recognized for their rescue of Jews are Poles, the highest percentage of all national groups who assisted Jews. ( 28 min)